In 2009, PacBio published a paper expanding the principle into a full-blown sequencing technique. Once again, each nucleotide was labeled with a different colored fluorophore detectable by the ZMW to determine which base had been incorporated. The fluorophores were attached such that they would be cleaved off during the chemical reaction incorporating the base into the growing DNA strand; they would then diffuse out of the ZMW so that the next fluorophore could be detected. Sequencing took place on a chip with many wells simultaneously — a different type of parallelization where each well detected a single DNA molecule undergoing the same basic chemical reaction.
虽然世界模型的潜力在于能从根本上缓解操作误差，但其背后所需的数据量、算力规模（英伟达DreamZero依赖于H100或GB200这样的顶级芯片组成的计算集群进行并行推理，对于边缘端部署的独立机器人来说，目前的算力成本完全不可接受）及工程复杂度也远超以往，处于“科研高光”与“工程探索”并行的阶段。
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